Maybe if it happened during the OT. But he conquered that character flaw. And had 20+ years to become a wiser man. He had the support of his friends and the Republic, he had the new Jedi Order and his Force Ghost pals. Even if he sensed unfathomable darkness - which we are not privy to - it would not go the way you think.
He also wouldn't - basing on his character from the OT - just pack up and leave. Especailly if he thought it was his fault. He'd attempt to turn Kylo and/or kill Snoke. Bah, he'd talk to Leia and Han about it and they'd try to do something about it, it was their child after all (and Luke did visit Leia, because he left his R2 with her).
I don't think he conquered that character flaw, or rather we never see it. Vader taunts Luke about Leia, and he snaps instantly. Flash forward some years, Luke is now a galactic legend, training new Jedi. And one person stands to destroy it all, which Luke sees vividly in that moment with Ben. A moment of weakness is entirely reasonable, in that situation and with his character.
After, Luke has now 1) followed the Jedi pattern of failure, 2) lost Han and Leia's son to the dark side, 3) let many other students die, 4) had his temple destroyed, and 5) had his own mythical legend shattered. Falling from that height is going to hurt.
I think it's important to distinguish between Luke giving up on himself, and Luke deciding the Jedi order needs to end. He now sees the entire history of the Jedi as one of failure, and sees his role in that failure; in light of what that's cost the galaxy, he feels a responsibility to end it. He's shattered, but he doesn't tell Rey he deserves to die for his failings; the Jedi order does.
It's Rey and Yoda that help him get perspective on the role of failure in teaching the next generation. I also want to mention Mark Hamill's performance in this; for me, he sells the shit out of this story. I really feel his grief and regret during the second lesson to Rey, and understand his motivations. Mark really killed it, and that's a big part of why I think the story works.