Vlad III, more commonly known as Vlad the Impaler
Many figures have been suggested as inspirations for
Count Dracula, but there is no consensus. In his 1962 biography of Stoker, Harry Ludlam suggested that
Ármin Vámbéry, a professor at the
University of Budapest, supplied Stoker with information about
Vlad Drăculea, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler.
[9] Professors
Raymond T. McNally and
Radu Florescu popularised the idea in their 1972 book,
In Search of Dracula.
[10] Benjamin H. LeBlanc writes that there
is a reference within the text to Vámbéry, an "Arminius, of Buda-Pesh University", who is familiar with the historical Vlad III and is a friend of
Abraham Van Helsing,
[11] but an investigation by McNally and Florescu found nothing about "Vlad, Dracula, or vampires" within Vámbéry's published papers,
[12] nor in Stoker's notes about his meeting with Vámbéry.
[11] Academic and
Dracula scholar
Elizabeth Miller calls the link to Vlad III "tenuous", indicating that Stoker incorporated a large amount of "insignificant detail" from his research, and
rhetorically asking why he would omit Vlad III's infamous cruelty.
[13][c]
Raymond McNally's
Dracula Was A Woman (1983) suggests another historical figure as an inspiration:
Elizabeth Báthory.
[16] McNally argues that the imagery of
Dracula has analogues in Báthory's described crimes, such as the use of a cage resembling an
iron maiden.
[17] Gothic critic and lecturer Marie Mulvey-Roberts writes that vampires were traditionally depicted as "mouldering revenants, who dragged themselves around graveyards", but—like Báthory—Dracula uses blood to restore his youth.
[18] Recent scholarship has questioned whether Báthory's crimes were exaggerated by her political opponents,
[19] with others noting that very little is concretely known about her life.
[20] A book that Stoker used for research,
The Book of Were-Wolves, does have some information on Báthory, but Miller writes that he never took notes on anything from the short section devoted to her.
[21] In a
facsimile edition of Bram Stoker's original notes for the book, Miller and her co-author Robert Eighteen-Bisang say in a
footnote that there is no evidence she inspired Stoker.
[22] In 2000, Miller's book-length study,
Dracula: Sense and Nonsense, was said by academic Noel Chevalier to correct "not only leading
Dracula scholars, but non-specialists and popular film and television documentaries".
[23][d]
Aside from the historical, Count Dracula also has literary progenitors. Academic Elizabeth Signorotti argues that
Dracula is a response to the
lesbian vampire of
Sheridan Le Fanu's
Carmilla (1872), "correcting" its emphasis on female desire.
[25] Bram Stoker's great-nephew, broadcaster
Daniel Farson, wrote a biography of the author; in it, he doubts that Stoker was aware of the lesbian elements of
Carmilla, but nonetheless notes that it influenced him profoundly.
[26][e] Farson writes that an inscription upon a tomb in
Dracula is a direct
allusion to
Carmilla.
[28] Scholar Alison Milbank observes that as Dracula can transform into a dog, Carmilla can become a cat.
[29] According to author Patrick McGrath, "traces of
Carmilla" can be found in the three female vampires residing in Dracula's castle.
[30] A short story written by Stoker and published after his death, "
Dracula's Guest", has been seen as evidence of
Carmilla's influence.
[31] According to Milbank, the story was a deleted first chapter from early in the original manuscript, and replicates
Carmilla's setting of
Styria instead of Transylvania.
[32]
Irish folklore has been suggested as a possible influence on Stoker. Bob Curran, a lecturer in Celtic History and Folklore at the
University of Ulster,
Coleraine, suggests that Stoker may have drawn some inspiration for Dracula from an Irish vampire,
Abhartach.
[33][34]