Most fast food, including drinks and sides, are loaded with
carbohydrates with little to no fiber.
When your
digestive system breaks down these foods, the carbs are released as
glucose (sugar) into your bloodstream. As a result, your
blood sugar increases.
Your
pancreas responds to the surge in glucose by releasing
insulin. Insulin transports sugar throughout your body to cells that need it for energy. As your body uses or stores the sugar, your blood sugar returns to normal.
This blood sugar process is highly regulated by your body, and as long as you're healthy, your organs can properly handle these sugar spikes.
But frequently eating
high amounts of carbs can lead to repeated spikes in your blood sugar.
Over time, these insulin spikes may cause your body's normal insulin response to falter. This increases your risk for
insulin resistance,
type 2 diabetes, and weight gain.
The combination of fat, sugar, and lots of
sodium (salt) can make fast food tastier to some people. But diets high in sodium can lead to
water retention, which is why you may feel puffy,
bloated, or swollen after eating fast food.
A diet high in sodium is also dangerous for people with
blood pressure conditions. Sodium can elevate blood pressure and put stress on your
heart and cardiovascular system.
According to one study, about
90 percent of adults underestimate how much sodium is in their fast-food meals.
The study surveyed 993 adults and found that their guesses were six times lower than the actual number (1,292 milligrams). This means sodium estimates were off by more than 1,000 mg.
Keep in mind that the AHA recommends adults eat no more than
2,300 milligrams of sodium per day. One fast-food meal could have
half your day's worth.
Effect on the respiratory system
Excess calories from fast-food meals can cause weight gain. This may lead toward
obesity.
Obesity increases your risk for respiratory problems, including
asthma and
shortness of breath.
The extra pounds can put pressure on your heart and
lungs and symptoms may show up even with little exertion. You may notice
difficulty breathing when you're walking, climbing stairs, or exercising.
For
children, the risk of respiratory problems is especially clear. One
study found that children who eat fast food at least three times a week are more likely to develop asthma.
Effect on the central nervous system
Fast food may satisfy hunger in the short term, but long-term results are less positive.
People who eat fast food and processed pastries are
51 percent more likely to develop
depression than people who don't eat those foods or eat very few of them.
Effect on the reproductive system
The ingredients in junk food and fast food may have an impact on your
fertility.
One
study found that processed food contains
phthalates. Phthalates are chemicals that can interrupt
how hormones act in your body. Exposure to high levels of these chemicals could lead to reproductive issues, including
birth defects.
Effect on the integumentary system (skin, hair, nails)
The foods you eat may impact your
skin's appearance, but it might not be the foods you suspect.
In the past,
chocolate and
greasy foods like pizza have taken the blame for
acne breakouts, but according to the
Mayo Clinic, it's carbohydrates. Carb-rich foods lead to blood sugar spikes, and these sudden jumps in blood sugar levels may trigger acne.
Children and adolescents who eat fast food at least three times a week are also more likely to develop
eczema, according to one
study. Eczema is a skin condition that causes irritated patches of inflamed,
itchy skin.
Effect on the skeletal system (bones)
Carbs and sugar in fast food and processed food can increase acids in your mouth. These acids can break down tooth enamel. As
tooth enamel disappears, bacteria can take hold, and
cavities may develop.
Obesity can also lead to
complications with bone density and muscle mass. People who are obese have a greater risk for falling and
breaking bones. It's important to keep exercising
to build muscles, which support your bones, and maintain a healthy diet to minimize
bone loss.
Effects of fast food on society
Today, more than
2 in 3 adults in the United States are considered overweight or obese. More than one-third of children ages 6 to 19 are also considered overweight or obese.
The growth of fast food in America seems to coincide with the growth of obesity in the United States. The
Obesity Action Coalition (OAC) reports that the number of fast food restaurants in America has doubled since 1970. The number of obese Americans has also
more than doubled.
Despite efforts to raise awareness and make Americans smarter consumers, one
study found that the amount of
calories,
fat, and
sodium in fast-food meals remains largely unchanged.
As Americans get busier and eat out more frequently, it could have adverse effects for the individual and America's healthcare system.
Eating fast food occasionally is fine, but too much of it may harm your health. Learn how fast food could affect different areas of your body.
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