Hypervelocity starsEdit
Hypervelocity stars (designated as
HVS or
HVin stellar catalogues) are stars with velocities that deviate substantially from the normal velocity of stars in a galaxy. Such stars may have velocities so great that they exceed the
escape velocity of the galaxy.
[19] In the Milky Way, stars usually have velocities on the order of 100 km/s, whereas hypervelocity stars, have velocities on the order of 1000 km/s. These fast moving stars are more numerous near the center of the Milky Way, which is also where most are thought to be produced. One of the fastest known stars in our Galaxy is the O-class sub-dwarf
US 708, moving away from the Milky Way with a total velocity of around 1200 km/s.
The existence of HVSs was first predicted by
Jack G. Hills in 1988,
[20] and their existence confirmed by Warren Brown,
Margaret Geller,
Scott Kenyon, and
Michael Kurtz in 2005.
[21]As of 2008, 10
unbound HVSs were known, one of which was believed to have originated from the
Large Magellanic Cloud rather than the
Milky Way.
[22] Further measurements placed its origin within the Milky Way.
[23] Due to uncertainty about the mass distribution within the Milky Way, determining whether a HVS is unbound is difficult; five additional known high-velocity stars may be unbound from the Milky Way and 16 HVSs are thought to be bound. The nearest currently known HVS (HVS2) is about 19
kpc from the Sun.
As of 1 September 2017, there have been roughly 20 observed hypervelocity stars. Though most of these were observed in the
Northern Hemisphere, the possibility remains that there are HVSs only observable from the
Southern Hemisphere.
[24]
It is believed that about 1,000 HVSs exist in the
Milky Way.
[25] Considering that there are around 100 billion stars in the
Milky Way, this is a minuscule fraction (~0.000001%). Since the second data release of
Gaia (DR2), most high-velocity late-type stars are found to have a high probability of being bound to the Milky Way.
[26]
In March 2019,
LAMOST-HVS1 was reported to be a confirmed hypervelocity star ejected from the stellar disk of the Milky Way galaxy.
[27]